It changes or influences the attitude and also behavior of people. When speaking of the political culture, the government plays a key role. The government can change the entire political culture of a country through laws, policies , education, and even through campaigns. For instance, notice how our political opinions change swiftly after listening to speeches or else after participating in campaigns. The political culture of one country may be completely different to another.
This is because of the various practices, culture , and traditions of the countries. The term political culture is related to citizenship as well. This is because it is the citizens of a country who can change the political culture, just as the government or ruling party. Academics in political science have been keenly interested in understanding the role of the citizen within the political culture. The three dimensions of political culture and how they interact.
These factors and many others that people are introduced to as they grow up will affect their political views throughout the rest of their lives. Political beliefs are often formed during childhood, as parents pass down their ideologies to their children and so on. Some of these agents include:.
Mass Media: Becker argue that the media functions as a medium of political information to adolescents and young children. For example, Protestants tend to be more conservative in countries where Protestants are not great majority. Political Parties: Scholars such as Campbell note that political parties have very little direct influence on a child due to a contrast of social factors such as age, context, power, etc. Senior Citizen Involvement : People who have not participated in politics much throughout their life may participate more in retirement.
Pledging Allegiance : Children learn political values through political socialization. This can occur through rituals, such as the recitation of the pledge of allegiance at the beginning of each school day. Some activists developed more favorable attitudes toward government as they matured, had families, and became homeowners.
People learn political values and identities by interacting with other people and the media in a process called political socialization. Psychological theories of self development have been broadened by sociologists who explicitly study the role of society and social interaction in self development. Charles Cooley and George Mead both contributed significantly to the sociological understanding of the development of self.
Lawrence Kohlberg and Carol Gilligan developed their ideas further, researching how our sense of morality develops. During the preparatory stage, children are only capable of imitation: they have no ability to imagine how others see things. They copy the actions of people with whom they regularly interact, such as their mothers and fathers. This is followed by the play stage, during which children begin to take on the role that one other person might have.
During the game stage, children learn to consider several roles at the same time and how those roles interact with each other. They learn to understand interactions involving different people with a variety of purposes. For example, a child at this is likely to be aware of the different responsibilities of people in a restaurant who together make for a smooth dining experience someone seats you, another takes your order, someone else cooks the food, while yet another clears away dirty dishes.
Finally, children develop, understand, and learn the idea of the generalized other, the common behavioral expectations of general society. Moral development is an important part of the socialization process.
Moral development prevents people from acting on unchecked urges, instead considering what is right for society and good for others. Lawrence Kohlberg — was interested in how people learn to decide what is right and what is wrong.
To understand this topic, he developed a theory of moral development that includes three levels: preconventional, conventional, and postconventional. In the preconventional stage, young children, who lack a higher level of cognitive ability, experience the world around them only through their senses. At this stage, people also recognize that legality and morality do not always match up evenly Kohlberg When hundreds of thousands of Egyptians turned out in to protest government corruption, they were using postconventional morality.
They understood that although their government was legal, it was not morally correct. Would females study subjects have responded differently? Would a female social scientist notice different patterns when analyzing the research? To answer the first question, she set out to study differences between how boys and girls developed morality. Boys tend to have a justice perspective, placing emphasis on rules and laws. Ultimately, she explained that boys are socialized for a work environment where rules make operations run smoothly, while girls are socialized for a home environment where flexibility allows for harmony in caretaking and nurturing Gilligan ; Gilligan Latin Kings Socialization : Political socialization does not always mean people are being socialized to accept mainstream political views.
Teaching Younger Generations : Political socialization involves one generation passing on political values and norms to the next generation. Core American political values general fall in line with one of three political ideologies: liberalism, conservatism, or moderate. Differentiate between the political ideologies of liberals, conservatives, and moderates and discuss how they relate to American political values.
Most often, Americans claim to be committed to the core values of individualism and egalitarianism. Core American political values are vested in what is often called the American creed. Americans feel strongly that their nation is destined to serve as an example to other countries. They believe that the political and economic systems that have evolved in this country are perfectly suited in principle to permit both individualism and egalitarianism.
Another core American value is political tolerance, the willingness to allow groups with different ideologies to exercise their constitutionally guaranteed freedoms, such as free speech. While many people strongly support the ideal of tolerance, they often are unwilling to extend political freedoms to groups they dislike. People acknowledge the constitutional right of racist groups, such as skinheads, to demonstrate in public, but will go to great lengths to prevent them from doing so.
Democratic political values are among the cornerstones of the American creed. Americans believe in the rule of law which explains the idea that government is based on a body of law, agreed on by the governed, and is applied equally and justly.
The Constitution is the foundation for the rule of law. Capitalist economic values are also a part of American values. Capitalist economic systems emphasize the need for a free-enterprise system that allows for open business competition, private ownership of property, and limited government intervention in business affairs. Underlying these capitalist values is the belief that, through hard work and perseverance, anyone can be financially successful.
The emphasis on the lone, powerful person implies a distrust of collective action and of power structures such as big government, big business, or big labor. The public is leery of a few large companies having too much concentrated power. While there are various components to fundamental American political values, not all Americans agree on which exactly the most important values should be.
People believe that, when making policies, certain values should be emphasized and others deemphasized. People then choose a political ideology that most closely matches their values. These ideologies capture what they believe the scope and purpose of government should be, as well as the balance between individual freedom and collective equality.
People who value change and a greater emphasis on collective equality tend to relate to the ideology of liberalism. Contrastingly, people who value tradition and the status quo will relate more to conservatism. Conservatives favor less government intervention like the Tea Party , and more individual freedom in economic activities which can subsequently mean a belief in less collective equality.
Moderates hold an ideology somewhere in between liberalism and conservatism. Political Ideology Trends : As this chart illustrates, not all Americans agree on which should be the predominant political values and ideologies. Also in this chart, it is evident that people align with different ideologies at different points in time. Political socialization experiences differ depending on group membership, such as socioeconomic status, gender, or geography. Describe the ways in which race, gender, socioeconomic status, and geographical region influence how people are politically socialized.
Political learning and socialization experiences can differ vastly for people depending on the groups with which they associate, such as those based on gender and racial and ethnic background. Certain groups are socialized to a more active role in politics, while others are marginalized.
Wealthier and more highly educated people tend to have more opportunities to be socialized to political values. Consequently, they tend to have more defined political opinions, vote more often, participate more in political activities, and donate more money to causes than poorer or less educated people. Oftentimes, they have been raised by parents who are of the same socioeconomic status, who socialize them to believe in the importance of political participation.
Education has the strongest impact on participation, as it socializes people to the political system. Schools are important agents for political socialization, and as a result, educated people develop the skills that allow them to follow and understand events through the mass media. They are likely to form opinions about political issues and engage in discussions.
Schools also prepare people to deal with the bureaucratic aspects of participation, such as registering to vote or organizing a petition drive. People are attracted to groups with similar views. Generally, groups who have experienced historical discrimination or poverty are attracted to more liberal social doctrine. African Americans overwhelmingly identify with the Democratic party, and Latinos also identify with the Democratic party.
Asian Americans are more likely to identify with the Republican party. Racial and ethnic groups, like other groups, socialize the members of the group towards different values in politics.
Black and white Americans are about equal in how much time and effort they devote to activities other than voting. However, they differ in the types of activities in which they have been socialized to participate in. Whites are more likely to contact public officials and join political organizations. Black citizens are active in election campaigns and social movements.
Latinos tend to participate in other forms of political activity with less frequency than either white or black citizens. Cultural factors contribute to the lower levels of Asian American and Pacific Islander voting; for example, some are recent immigrants who still maintain strong ties to their ethnic culture.
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